Which statement best describes actual vs risk diagnoses?

• A. An actual diagnosis is based on risk factors only
• B. A risk diagnosis indicates a current problem with signs
• C. An actual diagnosis uses defining characteristics, while a risk diagnosis is based on risk factors
• D. Wellness diagnoses describe illness

Answer: (C)

The key idea is distinguishing current problems from potential ones. An actual diagnosis is grounded in defining characteristics—the observable signs and symptoms (and test results) that confirm a present health issue. A risk diagnosis rests on risk factors—conditions or circumstances that raise the likelihood of a problem developing, but there aren’t currently signs of it. That’s why the statement that an actual diagnosis uses defining characteristics while a risk diagnosis is based on risk factors is the best description. For example, actual dehydration would be diagnosed when signs like dry mucous membranes and reduced skin turgor are present; a risk for infection would be identified due to factors such as recent surgery or immunosuppression, even if no infection is evident yet. Wellness diagnoses describe readiness for enhanced health, not illness.